From masks worn to prevent the spread of Covid-19 to Hong Kong protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks during anti-China protests, 2020 is a time of masks.
Yet in much of Africa, such face coverings masks have a different meaning and are far more likely to have a connotation of beauty and awe, rather than fear and crisis. They are part of a creative aesthetic that has deep origins in many African cultures being revived by a new wave of artists in the 21st century.
In the early 20th century, Fauvist artists like Henri Matisse and Cubists like Pablo Picasso were influenced by African masks in their artwork. Yet, following World War II, such face coverings were shunned by serious African artists for decades because of their association not only with traditional religions, but also because many were mass-produced by commercial woodcarvers.
“Many masks are made by wood carvers as a souvenir more then an artistic expression. And I don’t produce for tourists,” said Joseph Tsatsu Siame, an artist and art teacher with a nonprofit in Ghana.
Now new voices are emerging across Africa to revive masks as a creative art form in novel ways. Perhaps the best-known example is Benin’s Romuald Hazoumè, who uses only recycled materials as a medium, including a series of works featuring recycled jerrycans [fuel containers] repurposed as masks. Hazoumè’s “La Bouche du Roi” is an interpretation of a famed 1789 image of Africans being transported into slavery tightly packed below the decks of a British slave ship.
Contemporary African art shows and museums are taking notice of the resurgence in masks as an art form. The Museum of African Contemporary Art Al Maaden in Marrakech features the work of Hazoumè and others in its permanent collection. Art shows like Art X Lagos and the 1-54 series of African art shows in New York, London and Morocco have also featured contemporary masks or mask images.
Others have found other playful ways to play with the idea of masks. Toufic Beyhum, a Beirut-born photographer now based in Namibia, merges traditional African masks and social media “emojis” in his work. In Kenya, artist Cyrus Kabiru has uses recycled materials built around eyeglass frames that reflect Afro-futurism.
Creative photograph by Toufic Beyhum
-Photography series Amos and traditional forms of cultural communications shot in Namabia pic.twitter.com/3oWnzsDj5Y
— PNG vibes (@goodvibealways_) October 25, 2019
Artist Cyrus Kabiru creates bizarre glasses from found e-waste and metal scraps in Nairobi http://t.co/h6gPaZQae4 pic.twitter.com/W4V0hgDFH5
— Colossal (@Colossal) July 17, 2015
“Masks are both a traditional and essential form within African art that people tend to associate with traditional events, but I want to break that mold. I want to make anew African aesthetic and for masks to be part of that conversation,” said Yusuff Aina Abogunde, a Nigerian artist who has taken the revival of masks in African art and Afrofuturism one step further than most.
For two years, Abogunde has been wearing a mask he named “Eniyan” during his public appearances, both in exhibitions showcasing his work and during live art shows in London and Nigeria. “When I wear the mask, I tend to have a feeling of being in control, and it fills me with confidence. I just get like a positive vibe, and I think as an artist, it’s just another form, a medium of direct communication.”
Throw back…. On the spot AINAISM Art
. Come by today ,final viewing day for SCARRED exhibition by @MaeAfricaOrg
.
.#exhibition #ainaism #bodyart #maeafrica@ngBritishArts pic.twitter.com/h4psaadqMY— Yusuff Aina Abogunde (@yusuff_aina) December 8, 2019
The mask isn’t just part of his performance art. Abogunde said he will often wear it when working alone on his art. That, in turn, is part of a style he calls “Ainaism,” which he describes as “a technique of lines, patterns and symbols which evolves around telling the tales and identity, struggle, hope, freedom and the politics of human existence… a mask [is a] signature that represents the lines and patterns which I have used as a medium for my journey and struggle.”
What do you know about your identity?
What rights have your identity have been ripped off by selfishness?
Are you happy with your identity?
What’s your true identity?We need to know who we are so we can fight for what’s ours.
.#eniyan #restitution pic.twitter.com/3T58ypIdA3— Yusuff Aina Abogunde (@yusuff_aina) February 1, 2020
Indeed, masks are again being claimed by Africans in pop culture and sport as well. The Marvel Comics character Black Panther, played by Chadwick Boseman on screen, often wears a mask while fighting villains. Zimbabwean-British professional heavyweight boxer Derek Chisora usually wears a variety of costumes or bandanas during his press conferences and his appearances in the ring.
back 6 months ago to exhibition fun. My first international show LONDON
*SCARRED Body Art Exhibition* by @MaeAfricaOrg . At @unitlondon..
Mobility support from @ngBritishArts @BritishCouncil .
Was a beautiful experience .
.#exhibition #ainaism #art pic.twitter.com/Hlng8nHdf5— Yusuff Aina Abogunde (@yusuff_aina) June 24, 2020
“Abogunde and artists in West Africa in particular are helping to reclaim masks as a serious art form that collectors around the globe see as an emerging opportunity,” said Nosa Iyobhebhe, a Nigerian artist and gallery operator, who has represented Abogunde and worked with a number of Nigerian artists.
Iyobhebhe, who is involved in art projects in Nigeria, the U.K. and the U.S., believes masks can help change the narrative on a number of issues. She was planning an art show in Los Angeles this year to help raise money for providing feminine sanitary products in Nigeria that will feature the work of Abogunde and other artists. However, the project is on hold due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
“Africans took the crisis seriously and imposed lockdown,” Iyobhebhe said. “As the lockdown eases, some artists are already incorporating theme of isolation and masks in their work. I think such art will be one of the first ways that this crisis is reflected in cultural expression.”
(Edited by Matthew Hall and Allison Elyse Gualtieri.)
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